Additional Reading

Goldenberg, S. B. and L. J. Shapiro, 1996: Physical mechanisms for the association of El Niño and West African rainfall with Atlantic major hurricane activity. J. Climate, 1169-1187.

Gray, W. M., 1984a: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency: Part I: El Niño and 30 mb quasi-biennial oscillation influences. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649-1668.

Gray, W. M., 1984b: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency: Part II: Forecasting its variability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1669-1683.

Gray, W. M., 1990: Strong association between West African rainfall and US landfall of intense hurricanes. Science, 249, 1251-1256.

Gray, W. M., 1998: Forecast probability of U.S. hurricane landfall for 1998. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 80523 [available on the World Wide Web: http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/index.html].

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, Jr., and K. J. Berry, 1992: Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity 6-11 months in advance. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 440-455.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, Jr., and K. J. Berry, 1993: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 August. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 73-86.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, Jr., and K. J. Berry, 1994a: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 June. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 103-115.

Gray, W. M., J. D. Sheaffer and C. W. Landsea, 1996: Climate trends associated with multi-decadal variability of intense Atlantic hurricane activity. Chapter 2 in ``Hurricanes, Climatic Change and Socioeconomic Impacts: A Current Perspective", H. F. Diaz and R. S. Pulwarty, Eds., Westview Press, 49 pp.

Kimberlain, T. B., J. B. Elsner and N. E. LaSeur, 1998: Baroclinically-inhibited hurricanes of North Atlantic basin, 1950-1996. To be submitted.

Knaff, J. A., 1997: Implications of summertime sea level pressure anomalies. J. Climate, 10, 789-804.

Knaff, J. A., 1998: Predicting summertime Caribbean sea level pressure. Weather and Forecasting, 13, 740-752.

Landsea, C. W., 1991: West African monsoonal rainfall and intense hurricane associations. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 272 pp.

Landsea, C. W., 1993: A climatology of intense (or major) Atlantic hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1703-1713.

Landsea, C. W. and W. M. Gray, 1992: The strong association between Western Sahel monsoon rainfall and intense Atlantic hurricanes. J. Climate, 5, 435-453.

Landsea, C. W., W. M. Gray, P. W. Mielke, Jr., and K. J. Berry, 1992: Long-term variations of Western Sahelian monsoon rainfall and intense U.S. landfalling hurricanes. J. Climate, 5, 1528-1534.

Landsea, C. W., W. M. Gray, K. J. Berry and P. W. Mielke, Jr., 1997: Revised Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone prediction methods for 1 June and 1 August forecast dates. To be submitted to Wea. Forecasting.

Landsea, C. W., W. M. Gray, K. J. Berry and P. W. Mielke, Jr., 1996: June to September rainfall in the African Sahel: A seasonal forecast for 1996. 4 pp.

Landsea, C.W., N. Nicholls, W.M. Gray, and L.A. Avila, 1996: Downward trends in the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes during the past five decades. Geo. Res. Letters, 23, 1697-1700.

Mielke, P. W., K. J. Berry, C. W. Landsea and W. M. Gray, 1996: Artificial skill and validation in meteorological forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 153-169.

Mielke, P. W., K. J. Berry, C. W. Landsea and W. M. Gray, 1997: A single-sample estimate of shrinkage in meteorological forecasting. Submitted to Wea. Forecasting.

Pielke, Jr. R. A., and C. W. Landsea, 1998: Normalized Atlantic hurricane damage, 1925-1995. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 621-631.

Reading, A. J., 1990: Caribbean tropical storm activity over the past four centuries. International J. of Climatology, 10, 365-376.

Sheaffer, J. D., 1995: Associations between anomalous lower stratospheric thickness and upper ocean heat content in the West Pacific warm pool. Presentation at the 21st AMS Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL, April 22-28.

Sheaffer, J. D. and W. M. Gray, 1994: Associations between Singapore 100 mb temperatures and the intensity of subsequent El Niño events. Proceedings, 18th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, 1-5 November, 1993, Boulder, CO.

Smith, T. M., et al., 1996: Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, 1403-1420.

UK Meteorological Office, 1996: Preliminary experimental forecast of 1996 seasonal rainfall in the Sahel and other regions of tropical North Africa (issued 14 May and mid-July, 1996).

Wright, P. B., 1984: Relationship between indices of the southern oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1913-1919.

Wright, P.B., 1989: Homogenized long-period southern oscillation indices. Int. J. Climatology, 9, 33-54.