Tropical Meteorology Project Publications Available in PDF Format
Permission to place copies of these works on this website has been provided by the American Meteorological Society (AMS). The AMS does not guarantee that the copies provided here are accurate copies of the published works.
Blake, E. S. and W. M. Gray, 2004: Prediction of August Atlantic basin hurricane activity. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 1044-1060.
Chan, J. C. L. and W. M. Gray, 1982: Tropical cyclone movement and surrounding flow relationships. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1354-1374.
Chan, J. C. L., W. M. Gray, and S. Q. Kidder, 1980: Forecasting tropical cyclone turning motion from surrounding wind and temperature fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 778-792.
Cocks, S. B. and W. M. Gray, 2002: Variability of the outer wind profiles of western north Pacific typhoons: Classifications and techniques for analysis and forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1989-2005.
Eastin, M. D., P. G. Black and W. M. Gray, 2002: Flight-level thermodynamic instrument wetting errors in hurricanes. Part I: Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 825-841.
Eastin, M. D., P. G. Black and W. M. Gray, 2002: Flight-level thermodynamic instrument wetting errors in hurricanes. Part II: Implications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 842-851.
Foltz, G. S. and W. M. Gray, 1979: Diurnal variation in the troposphere's energy balance. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1450-1466.
Frank, W. M., 1973: Characteristics of carbon black dust as a large-scale tropospheric heat source. Dept. of Atmospheric Science Paper 195, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 56 pp.
George, J. E. and Gray, W. M., 1976: Tropical cyclone motion and surrounding parameter relationships. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 1252-1264.
George, J. E. and Gray, W. M., 1977: Tropical cyclone recurvature and nonrecurvature as related to surrounding wind-height fields. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 34-42.
Gray, W. M., 1965: Calculations of cumulus vertical draft velocities in hurricanes from aircraft observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 4, 463-474.
Gray, W. M., 1966: On the scales of motion and internal stress characteristics of the hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 278-288.
Gray, W. M., 1967: The mutual variation of wind, shear and baroclinicity in the cumulus convection atmosphere of the hurricane. Mon. Wea. Rev., 95, 55-73.
Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700.
Gray, W. M., 1973: Cumulus convection and larger scale circulations. I. Broadscale and mesoscale considerations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 839-855.
Gray, W. M., 1973: Feasibility of beneficial hurricane modification by carbon dust seeding. Dept. of Atmospheric Science Paper 196, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 135 pp.
Gray, W. M., 1978: Reply. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 419-420.
Gray, W. M., 1979: Tropical cyclone intensity determination through upper-troposphere aircraft reconnaissance. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 1069-1074.
Gray, W. M., 1984: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. Part I: El Nino and 30 mb quasi-biennial oscillation influences. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649-1668.
Gray, W. M., 1984: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. Part II: Forecasting its variability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1669-1683.
Gray, W. M., 1991: Comments on "Gradient balance in tropical cyclones". J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1201-1208.
Gray, W. M., W. M. Frank, M. L. Corrin, and C. A. Stokes, 1974: Weather modification by carbon dust absorption of solar energy. Dept. of Atmospheric Science Paper 225, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 197 pp.
Gray, W. M., W. M. Frank, M. L. Corrin, and C. A. Stokes, 1976: Weather modification by carbon dust absorption of solar energy. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 355-386.
Gray, W. M. and R. W. Jacobson Jr., 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171-1188.
Gray, W. M. and C. W. Landsea, 1992: African rainfall as a precursor of hurricane-related destruction on the U.S. East Coast. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1352-1364.
Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke and K. J. Berry, 1992: Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity 6-11 months in advance. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 440-455.
Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke and K. J. Berry, 1993: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 August. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 73-86.
Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke and K. J. Berry, 1994: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 June. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 103-115.
Gray, W. M., C. Neumann and T. L. Tsui, 1991: Assessment of the role of aircraft reconnaissance on tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1867-1883.
Gray, W. M., E. Ruprecht and R. Phelps, 1975: Relative humidity in tropical weather systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 685-690.
Gray, W. M. and D. J. Shea, 1973: The hurricane's inner core region. II. Thermal stability and diurnal characteristics. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1565-1576.
Hodanish, S. and W. M. Gray, 1993: An observational analysis of tropical cyclone recurvature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2665-2689.
Kidder, S. Q., W. M. Gray, and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1978: Estimating tropical cyclone central pressure and outer winds from satellite microwave data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1458-1464.
Kidder, S. Q., W. M. Gray, and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1980: Tropical cyclone outer surface winds derived from satellite microwave sounder data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 144-152.
Klotzbach, P. J., 2006: Trends in global tropical cyclone activity over the past twenty years (1986-2005). Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10805, doi:10.1029/2006GL025881.
Klotzbach, P. J., 2007: Revised prediction of seasonal Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity from 1 August. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 937-949.
Klotzbach, P. J. and W. M. Gray, 2003: Forecasting September Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 1109-1128.
Klotzbach, P. J. and W. M. Gray, 2004: Updated 6-11-month prediction of Atlantic basin seasonal hurricane activity. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 917-934.
Klotzbach, P. J. and W. M. Gray, 2005: Summary of 2004 Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity and verification of seasonal forecasts. Shore and Beach, 73, 20-24.
Klotzbach, P. J. and W. M. Gray, 2006: Causes of the unusually destructive 2004 Atlantic basin hurricane season. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 87, 1325-1333.
Klotzbach, P. J. and W. M. Gray, 2008: Multidecadal variability in North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. J. Climate, 21, 3929-3935.
Knaff, J. A., 1997: Implications of summertime sea level pressure anomalies in the tropical Atlantic region. J. Climate, 10, 789-804.
Knaff, J. A., 1998: Predicting summertime Caribbean pressure in early April. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 740-752.
Landsea, C. W., G. D. Bell, W. M. Gray and S. B. Goldenberg, 1998: The extremely active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season: Environmental conditions and verification of seasonal forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1174-1193.
Landsea, C. W. and W. M. Gray, 1992: The strong association between western Sahelian monsoon rainfall and intense Atlantic hurricanes. J. Climate, 5, 435-453.
Landsea, C. W., W. M. Gray, P. W. Mielke and K. J. Berry, 1992: Long-term variations of western Sahelian monsoon rainfall and intense U.S. landfalling hurricanes. J. Climate, 5, 1528-1534.
Lee, C. S., R. Edson and W. M. Gray, 1989: Some large-scale characteristics associated with tropical cyclone development in the North Indian Ocean during FGGE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 407-426.
Lopez, R. E., 1973: Cumulus convection and larger scale circulations II. Cumulus and mesoscale interactions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 856-870.
Martin, J. D. and W. M. Gray, 1993: Tropical cyclone observation and forecasting with and without aircraft reconnaissance. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 519-532.
Mielke, P. W., K. J. Berry, C. W. Landsea and W. M. Gray, 1996: Artificial skill and validation in meteorological forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 153-169.
Mielke, P. W., K. J. Berry, C. W. Landsea and W. M. Gray, 1997: A single-sample estimate of shrinkage in meteorological forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 847-858.
Modahl, A. C. and W. M. Gray, 1971: Summary of funnel cloud occurrences and comparison with tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 877-882.
Novlan, D. J. and W. M. Gray, 1974: Hurricane-spawned tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 476-488.
Novlan, D. J. and W. M. Gray, 1975: Reply. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 1022-1023.
Seseske, S. A., 2004: Forecasting summer/fall El Nino-Southern Oscillation events at 6-11 month lead times. Dept. of Atmospheric Science Paper 749, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 109 pp.
Shea, D. J. and W. M. Gray, 1973: The hurricane's inner core region. I. Symmetic and asymmetric structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1544-1564.
Shoemaker, D. N., W. M. Gray, J. D. Sheaffer, 1990: Influence of synoptic track aircraft reconnaissance on JTWC tropical cyclone track forecast errors. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 1201-1208.
Weatherford, C. L. and W. M. Gray, 1988: Typhoon structure as revealed by aircraft reconnaissance. Part I: Data analysis and climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1032-1043.
Weatherford, C. L. and W. M. Gray, 1988: Typhoon structure as revealed by aircraft reconnaissance. Part II: Structural variability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1044-1056.